JAMB: Last days at Forcados high school (Chapter 3)

Chapter Three
There’re two people in a bobbling taxi car the girl Efua is of a gentle behavior while her mother complains throughout their journey until they get to a grey building, where funmi’s mother lived. She’s also moni the aunt to Efua. The mother came to drop her with his sister and promised to send a cheque for her to keep. However aunt Moni has discusses nothing important to her than forcados high school and those are affiliates to it like Nene Ekpo daughter of Pastor Ekpo.

Efua is whereby accepted to stay with her aunty.

Later on the day Nene and her mother visited Efua’s place where they were introduced to each other by Aunty moni, They get to know each other. Efua is a science student while Nene is commercial student. Afterwards they heard the girls’ talk about several other things.

The next day Jimi carried out his duties on the assembly the new girl is on the assembly with nene watching the razzmatazz of Jimi as he prowl round the lines. Who is that girl – Jimi asked Ansa.

Eventually, Efua met with the boys who are inquisitive about her arrival.

The academic activity for the day as been lovely except for the first class where Mr bade barked at her, however she becomes a thing for question by other teachers too. Amongst  the teacher is the middle  age woman who teaches Maths .they seem to detest Efua because they believe new intakes would however the result of the school A bird brain  .she’s summoned to Mr mallums office for question . it’s not easy to accept you the principal said Efua is a brilliant student .the straight A type she mistook for spoilt child the principal .the principal looked intenth at her after much discussion, you are under probation she left the principal’s office quietly as she discarded the gently behavior .she baffled at Mr mallums investigative by consult her former principal Mrs Obange, she ruminate over all that has happened to her in Abuja, her waywardness and all attitudes she took part in overtime she burst into tears .

JAMB: Last days at Forcados high school (Chapter 2)

Chapter Two
Jimi and Ansa were in school early before the assembly commenced. Jimi was one of the prefects in the school-At eight o’clock the head boy Seyi Lawal had started his duty to conduct the assembly which was quite fun for him. The school, Forcados High School had just resumed from the long holiday. The school holds great pride and honour because of the achievements, the alma mater had gained in several competitions.

The school was described with such modesty of a modern day edifice surrounded with beautiful flowers. The students were given a name as artificial; however, they had defeated other schools in assembly sessions of usual routine. Mr Mallun the principal, a stout and slim man with a day accent welcomed all the students and announced officially, the WAEC exam that was forthcoming. The students left the assembly in procession into their various classes as Jimi and Ansa had different moments with other classmates, sharing their past holiday experience with excitement. However, Ansa had a little attention as most students crowded round Jimi. The first days of term were always very cumbersome as same old faces showcased their new style of dressing, new phones and other things they could show off. Ansa detested the whole new secrecy as old, because he had returned to the same ugly moments in class; especially people like Okoro the gorilla, the disturbing teacher Mr. Bade nicknamed as Cane. who always find fault with students and willing to flog at any slight mistake, the musical hip-hop group ‘Rhymers’, Eze the die-hard contestant with Jimi in Chemistry class and the nicknamed Queen bee who is Caro Jimi’s girlfriend.

Jimi was exceptionally loved by all apart from being good in his academics, he was also a toast when it comes to sporting activities in school. Ansa took pride in him that he boasts of him. The only thing Ansa could do is to paint. He possesses diverse talents with his friend Jimi. One of their friends lived in the same street with them she’s known as Nene Ekpo. a plump girl with short plaits that makes her have a round face.

Nana greeted Ansa and shared a secret she’s earnest napped about the new girl Efua who’s street a stone thrown to their houses that the new girl joins the SS3 students soon.

After school Jimi relaxes behind a block of class rooms, an empty class where he eases off the tension that has encumbered him lately.

The thought of his brother Wole entered him and several moments they had shared together, especially times they stored against their eldest brother Femi. The changes that has taken over Wole baffle him to sore that he wonder what may be of him soon after all Wole has passed through in hairs expulsion from the university, his waywardness the last time he visited by forging father’s sign at me to his account as he made away with some huge amount of money. He resolved in his mind that nothing would bother him anymore as he has a lot face with in the future. While he’s in that thought something jostled him abruptly which is the head boy summoning him for perfects meeting with the principal at his office.

As they were about to enter the principal office they stumbled into two persons – an old woman dressed in a native attire and the other a young lady who had an unexplainable look not wearing uniform. Seyi asked Jimi who are they? Don’t know – Jimi muttered.

JAMB: Last days at Forcados high school (Chapter One)

Chapter 1
The room where Jimi Solade slept in belongs to his elder brother who had left home for some reasons.

Wole entered very early in the morning to wake Jimi unexpectedly –

Amazingly both were surprised to see each other again in that very long period.

They hugged lovingly and exchanged pleasantries that could transpire between brothers. The alarm cut their conversation which made Jimi got prepared for school, while Wole lied on the bed looking around the room feeling nostalgic about home. Jimi entering into the bathroom with the anxiety mixed with pleasures of seeing his brother again. Wole squeezed his arm highly to show a sign of I missed you. While Wole rummaged the room, his eyes fell on a wrist watch which was in the mid of Jimi’s CD’s and textbooks. Don’t touch my watch’ Jimi voice splattered at Wole not to touch the watch. He knew Wole for having zest for good things. Inherently, Wole expressed his mind of Jimi having to enjoy better things than he did. However Wole took some money from his brother drawer to keep body and soul, which Jimi was never bothered about.

Mother was in the kitchen with Risikat the house maid while, Wole sat on the cushion hung chair to watch early morning cartoons, Jimi ate moin – moin and brown pap for breakfast.

Mr. Solade woke up from his bed and came out with Kemi his wife name on his lips as he stumbled on one who greeted him ‘good morning, Papa’ – It’s Wole his Son whom he’d sent away from home since. He screamed in unfriendly manner which attracted Mrs. Solade from the kitchen to see whom had made his husband to be ranting that morning.

She tried to calm him down but rather he bust into fury the more Jimi knew at that stage his father is enraptured already in anger. As the father asked Wole to leave his house immediately without any complaints.

Mrs Solade shunted Kola to stop ranting and taking the issue to an extreme.

After several pleas to calm Mr. Solade he left them in the parlour after he’d affirmed his stand about Wole to leave his house. She slumped into a chair as Mrs. Solade was already exhausted and tired of the whole saga.

Wole didn’t feel too bad about the scenario that took place but rather he mentioned that’ he was not a serious man as he grimmed.

Mother promised to relate the matter to uncle Shola who could talk to him.

Jimi could not finish his breakfast because he lost appetite to do as he left the rest of the meal on the dining, ruminating about his father’s irrational behaviors he was unhappy. Outside the gate, he tried to listen if he would hear the buses or the  conductor standing in their usual way already. Someone call out his name from afar – its next door neighbour and school mate - Ansa  Izaegbegbe.

JAMB: Likely questions from last days at Forcados high school

1. Mrs. Kemi Solade died of
A. cancer B. shock C. ovarian cancer D. hypertension

2. ________is the principal of Sy. Catherine School
A. Mr Mallum B. Mrs Obanje C. Mr Vann D. Mr Tade

3. Efua can be described as
A. arrogant B. liar C. unfortunate and victim of circumstances D. spoilt child

4. ________ is fond of Jimi and called him by his full name Akinjimi
A. Risikat B. Mama Silifat C. Funmi D. Aunt Moni

5. ________ violated and sexually harassed Efua
A. Jimi Solade B. Jolly Stephens C. Efua’s stepfather D. Ansa Izaegbegbe

6. _______ is nicknamed cane by the student
A. Mr Bade B. Mr Vann C. Miss Agbenenovi D. Mr. Mallum

7. The rhymers are
A. the choir of St. Catherine School B. Jimi, Ansa and Nene C. group of five boys at Forcados high school D. Some girls at Forcados High School

8. Why did the Principal of Forcados High School choose to reinvestigate the theft of the laboratory equipment?
A. He knows Jimi Solade couldn’t do such things
B. He knows some bad gangs must have influenced Jimi Solade
C. Efua challenge at him during Jimi’s public apology
D. intervention of uncle Kazeem

9. ___________ arrived from United Kingdom for the burial of Kemi
A. Femi B. Wole C. Uncle Kazeem D. Aunt Memunat

10. One of these suffered from child abuse
A. Wole Solade B. Jolly Stephens C. Efua Coker D. Ansa Izaegbegbe

11. Mr Vann is the
A. Mathemaatics Teacher B. English teacher C. Chemistry teacher D. Physics teacher

12. Funmi’s reason for remarry is
A. for better life B. to have a man assist her in upbringing her only daughter C. to have more assistance D. for financial assistance

13. Unlike Jimi, Efua is
A. not close to her mother B. is good in all subject C. close to her mother D. none

14. The principal of Forcados high school is
A. Mrs Obanje B. Mr Mallum C. Mr Vann D. Mr Salami

15. According to the principal Miss. Agbenenovi is to occasionally fill in for
A. Mr Mallum B. Mr Bade C. Mr Mallum D. Mr Salami

16. Efua’s attitude to people must have been influenced by
A. lack of motherly trust B. lack of motherly attention C. memory of intimate harassment and violation D. all of the above

17. One of these do not attend the same primary school with with Jimi Solade
A. Nene Ekpo B. Jolly Stephens C. Efua Coker D. Ansa Izaegbegbe

18. _______ is the head boy of Forcados High School
A. Seyi Lawal B. Jimi Solade C. Ansa Izaegbegbe D. Jolly Stephens

19. _______ has unspoken contest will Jimi over chemistry result
A. Ansa B. Seyi C. Eze D. Jolly

20. Aunti Moni is
A. Mrs Solade B. Mrs Alli C. Mrs Ekpo D. Mrs. Izaegbegbe

21. Efua’s was expelled from St. Catherine School because
A. she ran away from school without notice B. her defiant reply to the principal C. she perform woefully at the last exam D. she is sick

22. Ansa wants to study
A. Electrical Engineering B. Architecture C. Medicine D. Fine art

23. __________ photocopy Efua’s letter to Miss, Novi and circulate it in the school
A. Nene Ekpo B. Jolly Stephens C. Ansa Izaegbegbe D. Seyi Lawal

24. Efua danced with _________ at Mid-term dinner of Forcados high School
A. Jolly B. Jide C. Jimi D. Ansa

25. Efua shared her life experience with
A. Nene Ekpo B. Mrs Tanimoro, the guidance counsellor C. Mr Mallum D. Mrs Ekpo

26. The head girl of Forcados high school is
A. Efua B. Nene C. Ada D. Caro

New elements added to periodic table

Kosuke Morita led the Japanese team at the Riken Institute

Four chemical elements have been formally added to the periodic table, completing the scheme's seventh row.

They are the first to be included in the table since 2011, when elements 114 and 116 were added.

The first true iteration of the table was produced in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.

The new additions were formally verified by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on 30 December 2015.

The body announced that a team of Russian and American researchers had provided sufficient evidence to claim the discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118.

IUPAC awarded credit for the discovery of element 113 to a Japanese team at the Riken Institute.

The teams responsible for the discoveries have been invited to come up with permanent names and chemical symbols for the now-confirmed elements.

"The chemistry community is eager to see its most cherished table finally being completed down to the seventh row. IUPAC has now initiated the process of formalising names and symbols for these elements," said Prof Jan Reedijk, president of the inorganic chemistry division of IUPAC.

New elements can be named after a mythological concept, a mineral, a place or country, a property or a scientist.

After the responsible IUPAC division accepts the new names and two-letter symbols, they will be presented for public review for five months.

The chemistry organisation's council will then make a final decision.

Dessicator 2

What Is a Desiccator?
A desiccator is a chamber or box that is
designed to absorb water vapor from
reactants that are hygroscopic . Hygroscopic
reagents are able to absorb water. This can
cause a problem when it comes to measuring
the appropriate amounts of a particular
chemical. The desiccator reduces this effect
and helps to ensure accurate measurements
of chemicals prior to the start of a chemical
reaction. In other words, desiccators are used
to dry any chemicals that may be used in
reactions.
A Dessicator Containing a Dessicant
Desiccators are usually sealed so that outside
air cannot enter the chamber. In some cases,
desiccators may also be fitted with a vacuum
hose in order to remove excess air from the
inside of the chamber. A desiccant , or drying
material, is usually added to the desiccator to
absorb water vapor whenever the desiccator
is opened. Calcium chloride (a salt) and silica
gel (a non-reactive solid) are two typical
desiccants that are used routinely. The
desiccants ensure that water vapor is
absorbed before it reaches the reactant

Dessicator 1

Desiccators are sealable enclosures
containing desiccants used for preserving
moisture -sensitive items such as cobalt
chloride paper for another use. A common use
for desiccators is to protect chemicals which
are hygroscopic or which react with water
from humidity .
The contents of desiccators are exposed to
atmospheric moisture whenever the
desiccators are opened. It also requires some
time to achieve a low humidity. Hence they
are not appropriate for storing chemicals
which react quickly or violently with
atmospheric moisture such as the alkali
metals; a glovebox or Schlenk -type apparatus
may be more suitable for these purposes.
Desiccators are sometimes used to remove
traces of water from an almost-dry sample.
Where a desiccator alone is unsatisfactory,
the sample may be dried at elevated
temperature using Abderhalden's drying pistol .
Use
In order to weigh a substance, watch glass or
weighing bottles or crucibles are used. But to
be accurate, the weighed object must be of
the same temperature of the analytical
balance . If a hotter (or colder) object is
placed on a balance pan this has the effect of
lengthening (or shortening) the corresponding
arm of the beam resulting in incorrect
reading. Moreover, a hot object warms the air
in contact with it and makes it rise. The
moving air pushes the corresponding balance
pan upwards and therefore the error is
increased further. Conversely, if a cold object
is weighed, a current of air flows downwards
and this gives rise to an error of the opposite
sign. Thus, the object must be left 20 minutes
to reach room temperature .
To prevent adsorption of moisture from the
surrounding air, glassware is cooled in a
desiccator. [1]
Constituents
The lower compartment of the desiccator
contains lumps of silica , freshly calcined
quicklime or (not as effective) anhydrous
calcium chloride to absorb water. The
substance is put in the upper compartment.
The ground-glass rim of the desiccator lid
must be greased with a thin layer of
petroleum jelly or other lubricant to ensure an
airtight seal
In order to prevent damage to a desiccator
the lid should be carefully slid on and off
instead of being directly placed onto the base.
[1]
Operation
In laboratory use, the most common
desiccators are circular and made of heavy
glass . There is usually a removable platform
on which the items to be stored are placed.
The desiccant, usually an otherwise-inert solid
such as silica gel, fills the space under the
platform. Colour changing silica may be used
to indicate when it should be refreshed.
Indication gels typically change from blue to
pink as they absorb moisture but other
colours may be used.
A stopcock may be included to permit the
desiccator to be evacuated. Such models are
usually known as vacuum desiccators. When a
vacuum is to be applied, it is a common
practice to criss-cross the vacuum desiccator
with tape, or to place it behind a screen to
minimize damage or injury caused by an
implosion . To maintain a good seal, vacuum
grease is usually applied to the flanges .

Chevron, others lift Ogun school with science laboratory

The Star Deep Water Petroleum Limited, a Chevron Company, has deepened the teaching and learning of science subjects by inaugurating modern science laboratory in Ibogun Comprehensive High School, Ibogun, Ogun State.

Apart from SDWPL, other partners involved in the initiative were Famfa Oil Ltd, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Statoil Nigeria Ltd and Petroleo Brasileiro Nigeria Ltd.

The Managing Director, Star Deep Water Petroleum Limited, Mr. Clay Neff, said the donation of the science laboratory was one of the company’s programmes in its social investment plan aimed at improving the teaching and learning of science subjects in Nigeria’s secondary schools.

Neff, who was represented by a director in the company, Mr. Jeffery Ewing, noted that education was key to unlocking the potential of youths and developing their capacity for societal relevance.

He said, “This particular project is a product of our efforts to help generate improved access to education for all Nigerians through the donation of science laboratory complexes, electronic libraries and scholarships.”

The chairman, Famfa Oil Ltd, Modupe Alakija, said the nation could only develop through science and technology.

She said, “One of the ways of achieving this is through progression in education, especially, science and technological education.”

Alakija, who was represented by the company’s facility manager, Atolagbe Oyeyemi, said the laboratory would help advance the course of science education in the school and beyond.

The representative of Statoil, Mrs Yvonne Yaduma, also said the project would assist the government in providing qualitative education to the people.

The principal of the school, Mr. Oladosu Ajao, commended the companies for the gesture and called on other corporate organisations to emulate them.

Former president Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, who is a native of Ibogun, was also there and he equally commended the donors.

Chevron, others lift Ogun school with science laboratory

The Star Deep Water Petroleum Limited, a Chevron Company, has deepened the teaching and learning of science subjects by inaugurating modern science laboratory in Ibogun Comprehensive High School, Ibogun, Ogun State.

Apart from SDWPL, other partners involved in the initiative were Famfa Oil Ltd, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Statoil Nigeria Ltd and Petroleo Brasileiro Nigeria Ltd.

The Managing Director, Star Deep Water Petroleum Limited, Mr. Clay Neff, said the donation of the science laboratory was one of the company’s programmes in its social investment plan aimed at improving the teaching and learning of science subjects in Nigeria’s secondary schools.

Neff, who was represented by a director in the company, Mr. Jeffery Ewing, noted that education was key to unlocking the potential of youths and developing their capacity for societal relevance.

He said, “This particular project is a product of our efforts to help generate improved access to education for all Nigerians through the donation of science laboratory complexes, electronic libraries and scholarships.”

The chairman, Famfa Oil Ltd, Modupe Alakija, said the nation could only develop through science and technology.

She said, “One of the ways of achieving this is through progression in education, especially, science and technological education.”

Alakija, who was represented by the company’s facility manager, Atolagbe Oyeyemi, said the laboratory would help advance the course of science education in the school and beyond.

The representative of Statoil, Mrs Yvonne Yaduma, also said the project would assist the government in providing qualitative education to the people.

The principal of the school, Mr. Oladosu Ajao, commended the companies for the gesture and called on other corporate organisations to emulate them.

Former president Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, who is a native of Ibogun, was also there and he equally commended the donors.

HISTORY OF OSAMA BIN LADEN EARLY LIFE

Osama bin Laden was born in Saudi Arabia, a country in the Middle East. His father owned a big construction company. Like most other Saudi Arabians, the bin Ladens were followers of Islam. People who follow Islam are called Muslims.
Young Osama embraced a special view of Islam. He accepted fundamentalist teachings. He believed that Muslims should live as they did when Islam began 14 centuries ago.
WHAT DID BIN LADEN WANT?
Bin Laden wanted to fight those who he saw as enemies of Muslims. In 1979, he got his chance. A communist country, the Soviet Union, invaded Afghanistan, a Muslim country. Bin Laden went to Afghanistan to fight the Soviets.
In 1988, while in Afghanistan, bin Laden founded a group called al-Qaeda. (Al-Qaeda is an Arabic phrase that means “the Base”.) Bin Laden wanted al-Qaeda to lead a jihad (holy war) against all nations that he considered to be against Islam.
In 1989, the Soviets left Afghanistan. Bin Laden returned to live in Saudi Arabia. Then in 1991, the United States led a war against the Muslim country of Iraq. During that war, the United States based troops in Saudi Arabia. Now bin Laden declared that the United States was the main enemy of Islam.
BIN LADEN AND TERRORISM
In 1992, bin Laden moved to Sudan, an African country ruled by Muslims. From there, he began to direct terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda. In a terrorist attack, individuals or small groups hurt or kill ordinary people. They do this to create fear among their enemies.
Bin Laden was accused of planning several big terrorist attacks over the next eight years. In 1993, a bomb damaged the World Trade Center in New York City. In 1996, terrorists blew up an apartment building in Saudi Arabia, where many Americans lived. In 1998, two U.S. embassies in Africa were bombed, killing hundreds of people. In 2000, an attack on the U.S. Navy ship Cole killed 17 sailors.
TERRORIST ATTACKS ON AMERICAN SOIL
Then came al-Qaeda’s biggest terrorist attack of all. On September 11, 2001, a group of men hijacked four airplanes. They flew two of them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Another airplane crashed into the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. Another crashed in Pennsylvania. The attacks killed about 3,000 people.
The United States struck back by bombing Afghanistan. That’s where bin Laden was hiding as a guest of the country’s ruling group. The bombing forced this group, the Taliban, to flee. But bin Laden was not found.

Froth Flotation

Froth flotation is considered to be the most widely used method for ore beneficiation. In ore beneficiation, flotation is a process in which valuable minerals are separated from worthless material or other valuable minerals by inducing them to gather in and on the surface of a froth layer. Sulfide and non-sulfide minerals as well as native metals are recovered by froth flotation. This process is based on the ability of certain chemicals to modify the surface properties of the mineral(s). Other chemicals are used to generate the froth and still others are used to adjust the pH. Certain chemicals are even capable of depressing the flotation of minerals that are either to be recovered at a later time or are not to be recovered.

The process of froth flotation entails crushing and grinding the ore to a fine size. This fine grinding separates the individual mineral particles from the waste rock and other mineral particles. The grinding is normally done in water with the resultant slurry called the pulp. The pulp is processed in the flotation cells, which agitate the mixture and introduce air as small bubbles.

The ability of a mineral to float depends upon its surface properties. Chemical modification of these properties enables the mineral particles to attach to an air bubble in the flotation cell. The air bubble and mineral particle rise through the pulp to the surface of the froth or foam that is present on the flotation cell. Even though the air bubbles often break at this point, the mineral remains on the surface of the froth. The mineral is physically separated from the remaining pulp material and is removed for further processing.

Topics Loading........

............................................... Keep refreshing......................

Upcoming

Don't worry much the topics would soon be uploaded be patient

Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)
n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucoseunits.^[3][4] Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms ofalgae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.^[5]Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.^[6] The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that ofwood is 40–50% and that of dried hempis approximately 45%.^[7][8][9]

Cellulose is mainly used to producepaperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such ascellophane and rayon. Conversion of cellulose from energy crops intobiofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under investigation as an alternative fuel source. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp andcotton.^[6]

Some animals, particularly ruminantsand termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such asTrichonympha. In humans, cellulose acts as a hydrophilic bulking agent for fecesand is often referred to as a "dietary fiber".

Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)
n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucoseunits.^[3][4] Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms ofalgae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.^[5]Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.^[6] The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that ofwood is 40–50% and that of dried hempis approximately 45%.^[7][8][9]

Cellulose is mainly used to producepaperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such ascellophane and rayon. Conversion of cellulose from energy crops intobiofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under investigation as an alternative fuel source. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp andcotton.^[6]

Some animals, particularly ruminantsand termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such asTrichonympha. In humans, cellulose acts as a hydrophilic bulking agent for fecesand is often referred to as a "dietary fiber".

Magnetic Field (Definition)

A magnetic field is generated when electric charge carriers such as electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the magnetic flux lines produced by moving charge carriers (electric current) are similar to the shapes of the flux lines in anelectrostatic field. But there are differences in the ways electrostatic and magnetic fields interact with the environment.

Electrostatic flux is impeded or blocked by metallic objects. Magnetic flux passes through most metals with little or no effect, with certain exceptions, notably iron and nickel. These two metals, and alloys and mixtures containing them, are known asferromagnetic materials because they concentrate magnetic lines of flux. An electromagnet provides a good example. An air-core coil carrying direct currentproduces a magnetic field. If an iron core is substituted for the air core in a given coil, the intensity of the magnetic field is greatly increased in the immediate vicinity of the coil. If the coil has many turns and carries a large current, and if the core material has exceptional ferromagnetic properties, theflux density near the ends of the core (the poles of the magnet) can be such that the electromagnet can be used to pick up and move cars.

When charge carriers are accelerated (as opposed to moving at constant velocity), a fluctuating magnetic field is produced. This generates a fluctuating electric field, which in turn produces another varying magnetic field. The result is a "leapfrog" effect, in which both fields can propagate over vast distances through space. Such a synergistic field is known as anelectromagnetic field. This is the phenomenon that makes wireless communications and broadcasting possible.

Related Terms

DEFINITIONS

transistor

 - The transistor, invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, rapidly replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. (WhatIs.com)

geo-fencing (geofencing)

 - Geo-fencing is a feature in a software program that uses the global positioning system (GPS) or radio frequency identification (RFID) to define geographical boundaries. A geofence is a virtual barr...(WhatIs.com)

quad-core processor

 - A quad-core processor is a chip with four independent units called cores that read and execute central processing unit (CPU) instructions such as add, move data, and branch.(WhatIs.com)

GLOSSARIES

Electronics

 - Terms related to electronics, including definitions about electrical components and words and phrases about computers, laptops parts, digital cameras, televisions and home appliances.

Internet applications

 - This WhatIs.com glossary contains terms related to Internet applications, including definitions about Software as a Service (SaaS) delivery models and words and phrases about web sites, e-commerce ...

Magnetic Field (Definition)

A magnetic field is generated when electric charge carriers such as electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the magnetic flux lines produced by moving charge carriers (electric current) are similar to the shapes of the flux lines in anelectrostatic field. But there are differences in the ways electrostatic and magnetic fields interact with the environment.

Electrostatic flux is impeded or blocked by metallic objects. Magnetic flux passes through most metals with little or no effect, with certain exceptions, notably iron and nickel. These two metals, and alloys and mixtures containing them, are known asferromagnetic materials because they concentrate magnetic lines of flux. An electromagnet provides a good example. An air-core coil carrying direct currentproduces a magnetic field. If an iron core is substituted for the air core in a given coil, the intensity of the magnetic field is greatly increased in the immediate vicinity of the coil. If the coil has many turns and carries a large current, and if the core material has exceptional ferromagnetic properties, theflux density near the ends of the core (the poles of the magnet) can be such that the electromagnet can be used to pick up and move cars.

When charge carriers are accelerated (as opposed to moving at constant velocity), a fluctuating magnetic field is produced. This generates a fluctuating electric field, which in turn produces another varying magnetic field. The result is a "leapfrog" effect, in which both fields can propagate over vast distances through space. Such a synergistic field is known as anelectromagnetic field. This is the phenomenon that makes wireless communications and broadcasting possible.

Related Terms

DEFINITIONS

transistor

 - The transistor, invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, rapidly replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. (WhatIs.com)

geo-fencing (geofencing)

 - Geo-fencing is a feature in a software program that uses the global positioning system (GPS) or radio frequency identification (RFID) to define geographical boundaries. A geofence is a virtual barr...(WhatIs.com)

quad-core processor

 - A quad-core processor is a chip with four independent units called cores that read and execute central processing unit (CPU) instructions such as add, move data, and branch.(WhatIs.com)

GLOSSARIES

Electronics

 - Terms related to electronics, including definitions about electrical components and words and phrases about computers, laptops parts, digital cameras, televisions and home appliances.

Internet applications

 - This WhatIs.com glossary contains terms related to Internet applications, including definitions about Software as a Service (SaaS) delivery models and words and phrases about web sites, e-commerce ...

Non - Ferrous Metals

Non-ferrous metal

In metallurgy, a non-ferrous metal is a metal which is not ferrous, includingalloys, that does not contain iron in appreciable amounts. Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g., aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g., copper),^[1] non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g., zinc).^[2]Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux forblast furnaces, while others such aswolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.^[3]

Important non-ferrous metals includealuminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin,titanium and zinc, and alloys such asbrass. Precious metals such as gold,silver and platinum and exotic or rare metals such as cobalt, mercury,tungsten, beryllium, bismuth, cerium,cadmium, niobium, indium, gallium,germanium, lithium, selenium, tantalum,tellurium, vanadium, and zirconium are also non-ferrous.^[4] They are usually obtained through minerals such assulfides, carbonates, and silicates.^[5]Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through electrolysis.^[6]

Ferrous Metals

Summary:

The basic substance used in ferrous metals such as steel and cast iron (gray and malleable) is iron. It is used in the form of pig iron.Iron is a base metal, meaning that it is an alloying agent in many different metals.

Iron is produced from iron ore that occurs chiefly in nature as an oxide, the two most important oxides being hematite and magnetite. Iron ore is reduced to pig iron in a blast furnace, and the impurities are removed in the form of slag (figure 7-5). Raw materials charged into the furnace include iron ore, coke, and limestone. The pig iron produced is used to manufacture steel or cast iron.

Common ferrous metals include:

stainless steelstungsten carbidecarbon, tool and alloy steel